算法 - 栈和队列
栈
public interface MyStack<Item> extends Iterable<Item> {
MyStack<Item> push(Item item);
Item pop() throws Exception;
boolean isEmpty();
int size();
}
1. 数组实现
数组满时容量翻倍,元素数量降到容量的 1/4 时容量减半。不在半满时就减半,是为了避免抖动:例如容量为 4 且已满时 push 一次,扩容到 8;如果半满就减半,接着 pop 一次,元素回到 4 个,又缩回 4。之后交替 push 和 pop,每次操作都要复制全部元素。
public class ArrayStack<Item> implements MyStack<Item> {
// 栈元素数组,只能通过转型来创建泛型数组
private Item[] a = (Item[]) new Object[1];
// 元素数量
private int N = 0;
@Override
public MyStack<Item> push(Item item) {
check();
a[N++] = item;
return this;
}
@Override
public Item pop() throws Exception {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw new Exception("stack is empty");
}
Item item = a[--N];
check();
// 避免对象游离
a[N] = null;
return item;
}
private void check() {
if (N >= a.length) {
resize(2 * a.length);
} else if (N > 0 && N <= a.length / 4) {
resize(a.length / 2);
}
}
/**
* 调整数组大小,使得栈具有伸缩性
*/
private void resize(int size) {
Item[] tmp = (Item[]) new Object[size];
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
tmp[i] = a[i];
}
a = tmp;
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty() {
return N == 0;
}
@Override
public int size() {
return N;
}
@Override
public Iterator<Item> iterator() {
// 返回逆序遍历的迭代器
return new Iterator<Item>() {
private int i = N;
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
return i > 0;
}
@Override
public Item next() {
return a[--i];
}
};
}
}
2. 链表实现
栈顶放在链表头部,使用头插法:push 时新节点的 next 指向原来的栈顶,pop 时栈顶移到 next 指向的节点,两个操作都是 O(1)。如果栈顶放在链表尾部,pop 时需要找到尾节点的前一个节点,单链表只能从头遍历。
public class ListStack<Item> implements MyStack<Item> {
private Node top = null;
private int N = 0;
private class Node {
Item item;
Node next;
}
@Override
public MyStack<Item> push(Item item) {
Node newTop = new Node();
newTop.item = item;
newTop.next = top;
top = newTop;
N++;
return this;
}
@Override
public Item pop() throws Exception {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw new Exception("stack is empty");
}
Item item = top.item;
top = top.next;
N--;
return item;
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty() {
return N == 0;
}
@Override
public int size() {
return N;
}
@Override
public Iterator<Item> iterator() {
return new Iterator<Item>() {
private Node cur = top;
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
return cur != null;
}
@Override
public Item next() {
Item item = cur.item;
cur = cur.next;
return item;
}
};
}
}
队列
下面是队列的链表实现,需要维护 first 和 last 节点指针,分别指向队首和队尾。
队首放在链表头部,队尾放在链表尾部:入队时在 last 后面追加,出队时 first 移到 next 指向的节点,两个操作都是 O(1)。如果反过来,出队要删除尾节点,需要找到它的前一个节点,单链表只能从头遍历。
public interface MyQueue<Item> extends Iterable<Item> {
int size();
boolean isEmpty();
MyQueue<Item> add(Item item);
Item remove() throws Exception;
}
public class ListQueue<Item> implements MyQueue<Item> {
private Node first;
private Node last;
int N = 0;
private class Node {
Item item;
Node next;
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty() {
return N == 0;
}
@Override
public int size() {
return N;
}
@Override
public MyQueue<Item> add(Item item) {
Node newNode = new Node();
newNode.item = item;
newNode.next = null;
if (isEmpty()) {
last = newNode;
first = newNode;
} else {
last.next = newNode;
last = newNode;
}
N++;
return this;
}
@Override
public Item remove() throws Exception {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw new Exception("queue is empty");
}
Node node = first;
first = first.next;
N--;
if (isEmpty()) {
last = null;
}
return node.item;
}
@Override
public Iterator<Item> iterator() {
return new Iterator<Item>() {
Node cur = first;
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
return cur != null;
}
@Override
public Item next() {
Item item = cur.item;
cur = cur.next;
return item;
}
};
}
}
参考资料
- Sedgewick R, Wayne K. 算法(第 4 版)[M]. 人民邮电出版社, 2012.
- Algorithms, 4th Edition